Spring2013_Lab4

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=Animal Diversity, Lab 4=


 * This lab will have you pick an animal and research it.
 * You will fill out the worksheet on pages 47-50 and __turn this in on Thursday__ at the beginning of class. You will then present the information in class on Thursday, or later in the semester if we run out of time on Thursday.
 * You will be graded on the worksheet (20 points) as well as the presentation (20 points).
 * If you create a powerpoint for your presentation, email it to me before __**4pm on Wednesday**__. Otherwise, you will have to present from your worksheet. If you have emailed me a powerpoint, but you forget to turn in your worksheet, I will give you a worksheet grade based on your powerpoint, but if anything is missing from the powerpoint I will have to take off points.

Grading
Presentation: I won't grade on public speaking, only that you present all of the information in the worksheet.

Print sources
Give this information for published books and journals:

Author Year of publication Title of publication Publication company

How to find print sources:
 * If you are good at googling, you can go to books.google.com and search for scientific books that might be helpful for your research. For example, if you are looking for info on the Phylum Arthropoda, you could google "Arthropoda" in books.google.com. You should find books that are recent (published in the last 20 years).
 * Scientific papers also give good information, usually in the introductory paragraphs. You can google things in scholar.google.com, but these sources are usually harder to understand.

Internet sources
For websites, use only ".edu" websites. Give this information:

Title of website URL (www.asdfasdf.edu/asdfasd/asdfasd) Date you visited the website

You must use at least 2 sources which are from published books or journals. If you find a book online, and you never actually have the physical book in your hand, that's okay, just give the pertinant publication information.

Internet searching
You can search on "www.google.com" to find only websites that are ".edu". Go to www.google.com and type in your search items, and then type in this:

site:.edu

This last part will limit your searches to only websites that end in ".edu" So for example, if I'm looking for reproduction/parental care in salamanders, I could type:

salamander reproduction site:.edu

and this would give me only websites that end in .edu. Click on this link for an example.

=Use your genus or phylum= If you can't find information on your species, look up the information for the genus instead. If you can't find the information on the genus, look up the information for the phylum. So, if you are looking for information on your species, but cannot find the particular information, you can **give information for your Phylum instead**. Now answer this question: Why can you find information on the phylum, and whatever answers you find about that phylum are correct for your species? How can you know that what is correct for the phylum is also correct for your species?

- __Most important__: **Biological level of organization**.
This means, "how is the organism built? How is it organized?" Imagine what it's like to be a single-celled organisms (amoeba, paramecium) compared to being a multi-celled organism (fungus, tapeworms, etc.). Even though both organisms are "alive", single-celled organisms eat, excrete, multiply, and do everything else in life with only one cell. Multi-celled organisms do it with a bunch of cells, not just one cell that does everything.

In multi-celled organisms, there are two types of organisms: some have lots of one type of cell (a cell type that can perform all the physiological functions of the animal (digestion, circulation, sensation, excretion, etc.)) and some have lots of many types of cells.

If the animal has specialized cells, it's at least at the level of organization of "Tissue". If, on the other hand, these tissue types can work together to perform a physiological function, it's called an 'organ'. An example is an eyespot in some worms, that can sense light. It's not a single tissue that reacts to light, instead it's a structure that is made up of different parts, and each part is a different type of tissue. Together, these organs perform a sensation function. Therefore the eyespot is an organ. Organisms that have any kind of organs are at least at the level of "Organ".

The last and most complex is 'organ system'. If a group of organs work together to perform a physiological function, then this is a system of organs and the level of organization is "Organ System". An example of this is our digestion system. We have a mouth, a stomach, an intestine, etc., and these are separate organs that cannot digest by themselves, but digestion includes more than one organ. Organ system.

- **Germ layers**
- These are the first tissues that come about during development in some animals. This only occurs in animals that are at the biological level of organization of tissue or higher. There are at most three different kinds of germ layers, but all tissue-level animals have at least two types of germ layers: endoderm (inner layer) and ectoderm (outer layer). Some other animals have a third, middle layer: mesoderm. Each layer, whether it's the endoderm or the mesoderm or the ectoderm, will be the basic tissue that will eventually turn into specific organs. For example, if the animal has a mesoderm, it will always give rise to the stomach. The mesoderm also gives rise to other digestion-related organs. Ectoderm gives rise to skin, for example.

- **Coelom** (pronouced see-lum).
The ceolem is a cavity in the animal, but it is a different cavity than the central tube (central tube is usually the 'gut'). All animals have a central tube, but not all animals have an additional air cavity. We have lungs, which are a type of air cavity. Earthworms have air cavities that provide internal resistance and create a hydrostatic skeleton.

- **Symmetry**.
Is it possible to split the animal in half and then get two halves that are the same? If there is only one way to split the animal and get two equal halves,the animal is bilateral. If there are lots of ways to do this, the animal is radial (starfish). If there is no way to do this, the animal is asymmetrical (sponge or ameoba).

-Physiological characteristics (sensory system, digestion, etc.)
For each of these categories, explain how the organism performs the physiological function. So for digestion, explain how the animal extracts energy from the food it eats. It may not have a digestive system (unless it's an organ-system organism), but it performs digestion in some way. Overall, do not put "none" for any of these answers.

**(life cycle).**
If you are born into this world, you eventually develop into an adult. The stages of life from conception to death are considered the life history of an organism. For example, frogs begin life as a tadpole and then some grow into frogs as adults. Humans, on the other hand, do not go through these kind of changes. But humans do go through development during puberty. So both animals develop, but they go through different life stages. Thus they have different life cycles (or life histories).

(evolutionary history)
The history of the species may be found in the fossil record. This "life history" will be the story of the species, as far as how long it has been around, and where it first appeared, and the information about where the fossils were found, etc.

Quiz 3 grade histogram for each class, and both: